Singularity

Apptainer 사용법

컨테이너란?

• vmware로 대표되는 가상화 기술과는 다른 모듈식으로 프로그램을 격리하여 운영할 수 있는 기술입니다.
• 해상 운송에서 사용하는 컨테이너에서 이름을 따왔으며 OS 환경과 독립적으로 모듈식으로 설치하고 실행할 수 있습니다.
• 하드웨어 및 OS 계층을 두지 않고 프로세스만 격리하기 때문에 기존의 가상화 기술에 비해 실행속도가 월등히 빠릅니다.
• 대표적인 컨테이너 프로그램으로 docker(https://www.docker.com) 가 있습니다.

컨테이너의 장점?

• 프로그램의 배포 및 설치가 쉽습니다.
  • 해당 프로그램용으로 이미 구축된 이미지를 배포하고 그 이미지를 이용해서 바로 원하는 프로그램을 실행할 수 있습니다.
  • 이 부분에서 가상화 환경의 이미지와 비슷해보이나 월등이 작은 저장공간만을 사용하고 실행 속도 또한 빠릅니다.
• OS 환경과 독립적인 실행환경을 구축할 수 있습니다.
  • ex) Scientific Linux 6 환경에서 Centos 7 환경에서 컴파일된 프로그램을 실행할 수 있습니다. 그 반대도 가능
• 격리 환경이므로 사용자 프로그램간의 간섭을 최소화 할 수 있습니다.

Apptainer란?

Apptainer (https://apptainer.org/) 과학 연산에 적합하게 만들어진 컨테이너 프로그램입니다. 과학연산 작업을 수행할때 docker보다 더 빠른 속도를 보여줍니다.

기본 사용법

exec

Apptainer exec 컨테이너이미지 실행명령

• 준비된 이미지를 이용하여 단일 프로그램이나 스크립트를 실행합니다.

shell

Apptainer shell 컨테이너이미지

• 컨테이너 안에 interactive shell을 생성합니다.

사용 예제

CentOS 7 환경에서 Scientific Linux 6 프로그램 실행하기

cmssw-cc7

$ source /cvmfs/cms.cern.ch/cmsset_default.sh
$ cmssw-slc6
Singularity> cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS release 6.10 (Final)

crab3

$ source /cvmfs/cms.cern.ch/cmsset_default.sh
$ cmssw-slc6
Singularity>  # CMSSW 설치
Singularity>  ...
Singularity> # Grid 환경 설정
Singularity> source /cvmfs/grid.cern.ch/emi-ui-3.7.3-1_sl6v2/etc/profile.d/setup-emi3-ui-example.sh
Singularity> # Crab3 환경 설정 
Singularity> source /cvmfs/cms.cern.ch/crab3/crab.sh
Singularity> crab submit -c crab3config.py

tensorflow 실행하기

shell

$ singularity shell \
>             --home $PWD:/srv \
>             --bind /cvmfs \
>             --contain --ipc --pid \
>               /cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/opensciencegrid/tensorflow:latest
Singularity: Invoking an interactive shell within container...

$ python
Python 2.7.12 (default, Dec  4 2017, 14:50:18)
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
>>> import os
>>> os.environ['TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL'] = '2'
>>>
>>> import tensorflow as tf
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/h5py/__init__.py:36: FutureWarning: Conversion of the second argument of issubdtype from `float` to `np.floating` is deprecated. In future, it will be treated as `np.float64 ==   np.dtype(float).type`.
  from ._conv import register_converters as _register_converters
>>> hello = tf.constant('Hello, TensorFlow!')
>>> sess = tf.Session()
>>> print sess.run(hello)
Hello, TensorFlow!
>>>
>>> a = tf.constant(15)
>>> b = tf.constant(10)
>>> print sess.run(a+b)
25
>>> quit
Use quit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit
>>> quit()
$
$ exit
/bin/sh: 3: Cannot set tty process group (No such process)

• 위의 각 명령 실행시 cvmfs local cache에 관련 파일들이 다운로드 되어있지 않다면 많은 시간이 소요될 수 있습니다. 파일을 받았다면 두번째 부터는 빠르게 실행됩니다.

exec

$ cat HelloTensorflow.py
#!/usr/bin/python

import os
os.environ['TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL'] = '2'

import tensorflow as tf
hello = tf.constant('Hello, TensorFlow!')
sess = tf.Session()
print sess.run(hello)

a = tf.constant(15)
b = tf.constant(10)
print sess.run(a+b)

$ singularity exec \
>             --home $PWD:/srv \
>             --bind /cvmfs \
>             --contain --ipc --pid \
>               /cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/opensciencegrid/tensorflow:latest \
>               ./HelloTensorflow.py
WARNING: Container does not have an exec helper script, calling './HelloTensorflow.py' directly
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/h5py/__init__.py:36: FutureWarning: Conversion of the second argument of issubdtype from `float` to `np.floating` is deprecated. In future, it will be treated as `np.float64 ==  np.dtype(float).type`.
  from ._conv import register_converters as _register_converters
Hello, TensorFlow!
25

• shell 예제와 동일한 python 코드들 파일로 만들어 실행합니다.

CVMFS singularity.opensciencegrid.org repository에서 제공하고 있는 singularity 이미지

2024년 6월 현재 CVMFS singularity.opensciencegrid.org repository에서 제공하고 있는 singularity 이미지는 다음과 같습니다. 계속해서 업데이트 되니 본인에게 필요한 이미지가 있는지 확인해보세요.

$ ls -Rt /cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/
/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/:
pycbc                     eicweb              chunshen1987           rocker         lscsoft          opencarp       jasonkwan
xenonnt                   opensciencegrid     htc                    igwn           library          jeffersonlab   cmssw
rasa                      rjones30            teamcompas             star-bnl       fermilab         physino        anniesoft
mythril                   mjanssen2308        jetscape               valetov        engineren        reedcompbio    chiehlin0212
novaexperiment            npcooley            electronioncollider    computing      icecube          redtopexp      e1039
intel                     xevra               amnh                   4ndr85         wipac            cnatzke        sickleinafrica
bayeswave                 drtmfigy            matyasosg              ecpe4s         nathanjmcl       egoodman       cody.messick
yannick.lecoeuche         snax                sylabsio               nvidia         pytorch          lammps         gromacs
continuumio               mintproject         ankushumn              nnesquivelr    biocontainers    xwcl           houpengg
ncbi                      comses              jcha40                 ericmjonas     gapscr           jagault        lmlepin9
michaelwcoughlin          snowmass21software  opengatecollaboration  tylern4        nguyenatrowan    dananjaya92    amitkr2410
bardelch                  luxzeplin           jinnian                beckermr       notredamedulac   agitter        nrstickley
ehtcon                    ttrent808           eventhorizontelescope  fasthep        wrenchproject    rtikid         egstern
mu2e                      lucarvirgo          atanasi                htcondor       astrand          brainlife      chaitanyaafle
duncanabrown              sugwg               cyverse                evolinc        jbustamante35    discoenv       dajunluo
nxdens                    nipreps             poldracklab            markito3       atlas            lincolnbryant  cmsl1tanalysis
clelange                  kreczko             efajardo               bbockelm       raygunkennesaw   argonneeic     whit2333
rhughwhite                lifebitai           ppaschos               yxfu93         weiphy           weiminghu123   vedularaghu
syavuz                    sswiston            ssrujanaa              snirgaz        sjmay            showmic09      shilpac
researchcomputing         relugzosiraba       rafaelnalin            parabola505    npavlovikj       npanicker      nkern
nipy                      molssi              mfrayer                m8zeng         leofang          k3jph          kai2019
justbennet                jml230              jonlam                 jiahe58        jborrel00        jasoncpatton   jamessaxon
huckb                     habg                goodgolden5            grassla        evbauer          econtal        dmbala
clkwisconsin              christinalk         cathrine98             cailmdaley     bpschenke        blibgober      blaylockbk
arnaudbecheler            areias              arburks                amogan         agladstein       adwasser       aahong
deltarod                  krespicio           djw8605                foldingathome  lukasheinrich    ssthapa        rynge
rinnocente                pegasus             paesanilab             ml4gw          alec.gunny       fastml         alan.knee
echoes-model-independent  lmxbcrosscorr       rhys.poulton           tessa.carver   rodrigo.tenorio  james-clark    joshua.willis
chekanov                  aei-tgr  cwinpy     matthew-pitkin         patrickrmiles  scipp-atlas      rucio

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/pycbc:
pycbc-el8:latest  pycbc-el8:v2.3.7  pycbc-el8:v2.3.6  pycbc-el8:v2.3.5   pycbc-el8:v2.3.4    pycbc-el8:v2.3.3
pycbc-el8:v2.3.2  pycbc-el8:v2.3.1  pycbc-el8:v2.3.0  pycbc-el7:v1.18.3  pycbc-el7:v1.16.12  

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/eicweb:
eic_xl:nightly                  jug_xl:nightly                 jug_xl:24.05-stable                 jug_xl:24.05.2-stable                        eic_xl:24.05-stable
eic_xl:24.05.2-stable           jug_xl:24.05.0-stable          eic_xl:24.05.0-stable               jug_xl:24.04-stable                          jug_xl:24.04.0-stable
eic_xl:24.04-stable             eic_xl:24.04.0-stable          jug_xl:24.03.1-stable               eic_xl:24.03.1-stable                        jug_xl:24.03-stable
jug_xl:24.03.0-stable           eic_xl:24.03-stable            eic_xl:24.03.0-stable               jug_xl:24.02.1-stable                        jug_xl:24.02-stable  jug_xl:24.02.0-stable
jug_xl:23.12-stable             jug_xl:23.12.0-stable          jug_xl:23.11.0-stable               jug_xl:23.11-stable                          jug_xl:23.10.0-stable
jug_xl:23.10-stable             jug_xl:23.09-stable            jug_xl:23.09.1-stable               jug_xl:23.09.0-stable                        jug_xl:main-epic-main-stable
jug_xl:master-epic-main-stable  jug_xl:23.08-stable            jug_xl:23.08.0-stable               jug_xl:unstable-mr-369-514-epic-main-stable  jug_xl:eic-container-set-juggler-version-epic-main-stable
jug_xl:23.07.2-stable           jug_xl:23.07.1-stable          jug_xl:23.07.0-stable               jug_xl:23.06.1-stable                        jug_xl:23.06.0-stable
jug_xl:23.05.2-stable           jug_xl:23.05.1-stable          jug_xl:23.05.0-stable               jug_xl:unstable-mr-369-512-epic-main-stable  jug_xl:3.0-stable
jug_xl:4.0-acadia-stable        jug_xl:4.0-deathvalley-stable  jug_xl:4.0-deathvalley-1.5T-stable  jug_xl:4.0-canyonlands-stable                jug_xl:4.0-main-stable
jug_xl:22.11-stable             jug_xl:22.11-main-stable       jug_xl:22.12-main-stable            jug_xl:23.02-main-stable

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/chunshen1987:
iebe-music:ubuntu-dev       iebe-music:dev              iebe-music:ubuntu-EoSGenerator  iebe-music:EoSGenerator     iebe-music:UPC
iebe-music:arXiv2405.19439  iebe-music:arXiv2405.20210  iebe-music:ubuntu-4DEoS         iebe-music:4DEoS            ipglasmaframework:UPC
iebe-music:ubuntu-test      iebe-music:test             iebe-music:ubuntu-main          iebe-music:main             iebe-music:bayesian2023
ipglasmaframework:latest    iebe-music:v0.0             iebe-music:v1.0                 iebe-music:OSGselfchecking  iebe-music:SpinPol
iebe-music:photons

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/rocker:
r-ver:latest

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/lscsoft:
gstlal:master  bayeswave:latest  gstlal:osg-dev  lalsuite  bayeswave:v1.0.7  bayeswave:v1.0.6

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/lscsoft/lalsuite:
lalsuite-v6.62:stretch  lalsuite-v6.62:el7  lalsuite-v6.60:stretch  lalsuite-v6.60:el7  lalsuite-v6.59:stretch  lalsuite-v6.59:el7

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/opencarp:
opencarp:latest

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/jasonkwan:
autometa:latest

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/xenonnt:
base-environment:development       base-environment:latest      montecarlo:development           montecarlo:latest                      base-environment:2024.05.2
base-environment:2024.05.1         montecarlo:2024.04.1-01      montecarlo:2024.04.1             base-environment:2024.04.1             montecarlo:2024.03.1
base-environment:2024.03.1         montecarlo:2024.02.1         base-environment:2024.02.1       base-environment:2024.01.1             base-environment:2023.11.1
base-environment:2023.10.1         montecarlo:fuse_dev_2023.09  montecarlo:2023_paris_tutorial   montecarlo:paris_workshop              montecarlo:2023.09.1
base-environment:2023.09.1         montecarlo:2023.07.2         montecarlo:sr0_wimp              base-environment:2023.07.2             base-environment:sr0_wimp
base-environment:sr0_wimp-alpha-1  base-environment:2023.07.1   base-environment:2023.05.2       montecarlo:2022.11.1-sr0               osg_dev:latest
montecarlo:py38                    montecarlo:2021.01.12        montecarlo:2021.08.1             montecarlo:2021.08.2                   montecarlo:2021.11.1
montecarlo:2022.01.4               montecarlo:2022.06.1         montecarlo:2022.06.3-wfsim1.0.1  montecarlo:2022.06.6-sr0               base-environment:2020.12.24
base-environment:2021.04.18        base-environment:testing     base-environment:2022.11.1       base-environment:switch_deployhq_user  base-environment:2022.06.6
base-environment:2022.06.5         base-environment:2022.06.4   base-environment:2022.09.1       base-environment:2020.11.06            base-environment:2020.11.25
base-environment:2020.12.21        base-environment:2020.12.23  base-environment:2021.01.04      base-environment:py38                  base-environment:2021.01.06
base-environment:2021.01.11        base-environment:2021.05.04  base-environment:2021.06.25      base-environment:2021.07.1             base-environment:2021.08.1
base-environment:2021.08.2         base-environment:2021.10.1   base-environment:2021.10.2       base-environment:straxen_v100          base-environment:2021.10.3
base-environment:2021.10.4         base-environment:2021.10.5   base-environment:2021.11.1       base-environment:2021.11.2             base-environment:2021.11.3
base-environment:2021.11.4         base-environment:2021.11.5   base-environment:2021.11.6       base-environment:gpu                   base-environment:2021.12.1
base-environment:2021.12.2         base-environment:2021.12.3   base-environment:2022.01.2       base-environment:2022.01.3             base-environment:2022.01.4
base-environment:2022.02.2         base-environment:2022.02.1   base-environment:2022.02.3       base-environment:2022.02.4             base-environment:2022.03.1
base-environment:2022.03.3         base-environment:2022.03.4   base-environment:stable          base-environment:2022.03.5             base-environment:2022.04.1
base-environment:2022.04.2         base-environment:2022.04.3   base-environment:2022.05.1       base-environment:2022.05.2             base-environment:2022.06.1
base-environment:2022.06.2         base-environment:2022.06.3   base-environment:2022.07.27      base-environment:add_latex             base-environment:latex_test3
base-environment:upgrade-boost

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/opensciencegrid:
osgvo-xenon:development      osgvo-xenon:latest            osgvo-xenon:2024.05.2           osgvo-xenon:2024.05.1             osgvo-xenon:2024.04.1
osgvo-xenon:2024.03.1        osgvo-xenon:2024.02.1         osgvo-xenon:2024.01.1           osgvo-el7:latest                  osgvo-xenon:2023.11.1
osgvo-xenon:2023.10.1        osgvo-xenon:2023.09.1         osgvo-xenon:2023.07.2           osgvo-xenon:sr0_wimp              osgvo-xenon:sr0_wimp-alpha-1
osgvo-xenon:2023.07.1        osgvo-matlab-runtime:R2021b   osgvo-matlab-runtime:R2022b     osgvo-matlab-runtime:R2023a       osgvo-el9:latest
osgvo-el8:latest             osgvo-xenon:2023.05.2         osg-wn:3.3-el6                  osg-wn:3.3-el7                    osg-3.3-wn-el7:latest
osg-3.3-wn-el6:latest        tensorflow-gpu:1.4            tensorflow-gpu:2.3-cuda-10.1    tensorflow-gpu:2.2-cuda-10.1      tensorflow-gpu:latest
tensorflow:1.4               tensorflow:2.3                tensorflow:latest               osgvo-xenon:osg_dev               osgvo-ucsd-grover:latest
osgvo-ubuntu-xenial:latest   osgvo-ubuntu-20.04:latest     osgvo-ubuntu-18.04:latest       osgvo-torch:latest                osgvo-raspa2:2.0.41
osgvo-r:3.5                  osgvo-r:3.5.0                 osgvo-r:4.0.2                   osgvo-r:latest                    osgvo-quantum-espresso:6.6
osgvo-quantum-espresso:6.8   osgvo-psi4:latest             osgvo-opensim:latest            osgvo-matlab-runtime:R2018b       osgvo-matlab-runtime:R2019a
osgvo-matlab-runtime:R2019b  osgvo-matlab-runtime:R2020a   osgvo-matlab-runtime:R2020b     osgvo-julia:1.5.3                 osgvo-julia:1.0.3
osgvo-julia:1.7.3            osgvo-julia:latest            osgvo-gromacs-plumed:latest     osgvo-gromacs-gpu:latest          osgvo-gromacs:2018.4
osgvo-gromacs:2020.2         osgvo-gromacs:latest          osgvo-freesurfer:6.0.0          osgvo-freesurfer:6.0.1            osgvo-freesurfer:7.0.0
osgvo-freesurfer:7.1.1       osgvo-freesurfer:latest       osgvo-el7-cuda10:10.0           osgvo-el7-cuda10:10.1             osgvo-el7-cuda10:10.2
osgvo-el7-cuda10:latest      osgvo-el6-feltus:latest       osgvo-el6-cuda:latest           osgvo-el6:latest                  osgvo-debian-10:latest
osgvo-blaylockbk:latest      osgvo-biomedinfo:latest       osgvo-beagle:latest             osgvo-ants:latest                 npjoodi:latest
osg-wn:3.3-devel-el7         osg-wn:3.3-testing-el7        osgvo-xenon:2022.11.1           osgvo-xenon:switch_deployhq_user  osgvo-xenon:2022.06.6
osgvo-xenon:2022.06.4        osgvo-xenon:2022.06.5         osgvo-xenon:2022.09.1           osgvo-xenon:2019.11               osgvo-xenon:2020.02
osgvo-xenon:2020.03          osgvo-xenon:2020.04           osgvo-xenon:2020.05             osgvo-xenon:2020.11.06            osgvo-xenon:2020.11.25
osgvo-xenon:2020.12.21       osgvo-xenon:2020.12.23        osgvo-xenon:straxen_0-13-1      osgvo-xenon:2021.01.04            osgvo-xenon:py38
osgvo-xenon:2021.01.06       osgvo-xenon:2021.01.11        osgvo-xenon:2021.04.18          osgvo-xenon:2021.05.04            osgvo-xenon:2021.06.25
osgvo-xenon:2021.07.1        osgvo-xenon:2021.08.1         osgvo-xenon:2021.08.2           osgvo-xenon:2021.10.1             osgvo-xenon:2021.10.2
osgvo-xenon:straxen_v100     osgvo-xenon:2021.10.3         osgvo-xenon:2021.10.4           osgvo-xenon:2021.10.5             osgvo-xenon:2021.11.1
osgvo-xenon:2021.11.2        osgvo-xenon:2021.11.3         osgvo-xenon:2021.11.4           osgvo-xenon:2021.11.5             osgvo-xenon:2021.11.6
osgvo-xenon:gpu              osgvo-xenon:2021.12.1         osgvo-xenon:2021.12.2           osgvo-xenon:2021.12.3             osgvo-xenon:2022.01.2
osgvo-xenon:2022.01.3        osgvo-xenon:2022.01.4         osgvo-xenon:2022.02.2           osgvo-xenon:2022.02.1             osgvo-xenon:2022.02.3
osgvo-xenon:2022.02.4        osgvo-xenon:2022.03.1         osgvo-xenon:2022.03.3           osgvo-xenon:2022.03.4             osgvo-xenon:stable
osgvo-xenon:2022.03.5        osgvo-xenon:2022.04.1         osgvo-xenon:2022.04.2           osgvo-xenon:2022.04.3             osgvo-xenon:2022.05.1
osgvo-xenon:2022.05.2        osgvo-xenon:2022.06.1         osgvo-xenon:2022.06.2           osgvo-xenon:2022.06.3             osgvo-xenon:2022.07.27
osgvo-xenon:add_latex        osgvo-xenon:latex_test3       osgvo-xenon:upgrade-boost

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/htc:
ubuntu:22.04           ubuntu:20.04    tensorflow:2.15      scikit-learn:1.3  rocky:8-cuda-11.0.3  rocky:9  rocky:8
matlab-runtime:R2023a  gromacs:2023.4  debian:12  centos:7

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/igwn:
lalsuite-dev:el7  software:el7-testing  software:el7  software:stretch-proposed  software:stretch

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/library:
python:latest   julia:latest    ubuntu:latest    busybox:latest  r-base:latest  rockylinux:8
alpine:latest   gcc:latest      debian:unstable  debian:testing  debian:stable  debian:latest
fedora:latest   openjdk:9       openjdk:8        openjdk:latest  python:2.7     python:3.4
centos:centos7  centos:centos6  centos:latest

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/jeffersonlab:
gluex_prod:v1  clas12software:devel  clas12software:production  gluex_devel:latest  japan:develop
japan:latest   remoll:develop        remoll:latest

/cvmfs/singularity.opensciencegrid.org/cmssw:
cms:rhel8-itb-ppc64le  cms:rhel9-itb-aarch64  cms:rhel8-ppc64le      cms:rhel9-aarch64      cms:rhel8-itb-aarch64
cms:rhel9-itb-x86_64   cms:rhel8-itb-x86_64   cms:rhel9-itb          cms:rhel8-itb          cms:rhel8-aarch64
cms:rhel9-x86_64       cms:rhel8-x86_64       cms:rhel9              cms:rhel8              cms:rhel7-itb-x86_64
cms:rhel6-itb-x86_64   cms:rhel7-x86_64       cms:rhel6-x86_64       cms:rhel8-m-m20230425  cms:rhel8-m20200825
cms:rhel8-m20200828    cms:rhel8-m20200904    cms:rhel8-m20200919    cms:rhel8-m20200918    cms:rhel8-m20201009
cms:rhel8-m20201030    cms:rhel8-m20201106    cms:rhel8-m20201113    cms:rhel8-m20210227    cms:rhel8-m20210326
cms:rhel8-m20210423    cms:rhel8-m20210518    cms:rhel8-m20210604    cms:rhel8-m20210611    cms:rhel8-m20210617
cms:rhel8-m20210625    cms:rhel8-m20210702    cms:rhel8-m20210716    cms:rhel8-m20210723    cms:rhel8-m20210915
cms:rhel8-m20210917    cms:rhel8-m20211001    cms:rhel8-m20211005    cms:rhel8-m20211014    cms:rhel8-m20211112
cms:rhel8-m20211126    cms:rhel8-m20211202    cms:rhel8-m20211210    cms:rhel8-m20220114    cms:rhel8-m20220121
cms:rhel8-m20220128    cms:rhel8-m20220204    cms:rhel8-m20220211    cms:rhel8-m20220218    cms:rhel8-m20220306
cms:rhel8-m20220316    cms:rhel8-m-m20220323  cms:rhel8-m20220325    cms:rhel8-m20220331    cms:rhel8-m20220401
cms:rhel8-m-m20220407  cms:rhel8-m20220415    cms:rhel8-m20220427    cms:rhel8-m20220509    cms:rhel8-m20220512
cms:rhel8-m-m20220512  cms:rhel8-m-m20220514  cms:rhel8-m-m20220516  cms:rhel8-m20220516    cms:rhel8-m-m20220617
cms:rhel8-m-m20220709  cms:rhel8-m-m20220903  cms:rhel8-m-m20221005  cms:rhel8-m-m20221009  cms:rhel8-m
cms:rhel8-m20221018    cms:rhel8-m-m20221102  cms:rhel8-m-m20221104  cms:rhel8-m20221104    cms:rhel8-m-m20221113
cms:rhel8-m-m20221112  cms:rhel8-m-m20221203  cms:rhel8-m-m20221216  cms:rhel8-m-m20230223  cms:rhel7-m201911
cms:rhel7-m202001      cms:rhel7-m202002      cms:rhel7-m202006      cms:rhel7-m20200605    cms:rhel7-m20200612
cms:rhel7-m20200615    cms:rhel7-m20200702    cms:rhel7-m20200724    cms:rhel7-m20200812    cms:rhel7-m20200828
cms:rhel7-m20200904    cms:rhel7-m20200918    cms:rhel7-m20201010    cms:rhel7-m20201030    cms:rhel7-m20201113
cms:rhel7-m20201211    cms:rhel7-m20201216    cms:rhel7-m20210205    cms:rhel7-m20210227    cms:rhel7-m20210326
cms:rhel7-m20210423    cms:rhel7-m20210428    cms:rhel7-m20210518    cms:rhel7-m20210604    cms:rhel7-m20210609
cms:rhel7-m20210611    cms:rhel7-m20210617    cms:rhel7-m20210622    cms:rhel7-m20210625    cms:rhel7-m20210630
cms:rhel7-m20210702    cms:rhel7-m20210716    cms:rhel7-m20210723    cms:rhel7-m20210818    cms:rhel7-m20210914
cms:rhel7-m20210917    cms:rhel7-m20210925    cms:rhel7-m20211001    cms:rhel7-m20211005    cms:rhel7-m20211014
cms:rhel7-m20211112    cms:rhel7-m20211126    cms:rhel7-m20211202    cms:rhel7-m20211210    cms:rhel7-m20220114
cms:rhel7-m20220121    cms:rhel7-m20220128    cms:rhel7-m20220204    cms:rhel7-m20220211    cms:rhel7-m20220218
cms:rhel7-m20220305    cms:rhel7-m20220316    cms:rhel7-m20220323    cms:rhel7-m20220325    cms:rhel7-m20220331
cms:rhel7-m20220401    cms:rhel7-m20220415    cms:rhel7-m20220427    cms:rhel7-m20220506    cms:rhel7-m20220512
cms:rhel7-m20221018    cms:rhel7-m20221104    cms:rhel6-m201911      cms:rhel6-m202001      cms:rhel6-m202002
cms:rhel6-m202006      cms:rhel6-m20200605    cms:rhel6-m20200612    cms:rhel6-m20200702    cms:rhel6-m20200724
cms:rhel6-m20200731    cms:rhel6-m20200812    cms:rhel6-m20200828    cms:rhel6-m20200904    cms:rhel6-m20200918
cms:rhel6-m20201010    cms:rhel6-m20201030    cms:rhel6-m20201106    cms:rhel6-m20201113    cms:rhel6-m20210428
cms:rhel6-m20210623    cms:rhel6-m20210630    cms:rhel6-m20210820    cms:rhel6-m20211005    cms:rhel6-m20211126
cms:rhel6-m20220609    cms:rhel6-m20221107    cms:rhel7-itb          cms:rhel6-itb          cms:rhel7
cms:rhel6

경북대 UI에서 사용시 주의사항

• 보안문제로 cvmfs 외의 이미지는 현재 지원하고 있지 않습니다.
• 따라서 이미지 생성 및 다운로드 등 이미지 사용과 관련된 명령어는 현재 사용할 수 없습니다.
• cvmfs의 특성상 원하는 이미지가 로컬 cache에 저장되어 있지 않다면 파일 다운로드로 인하여 초기 실행에 많은 시간이 필요할 수도 있습니다.

참고문서

• Singularity 2.6 사용자 가이드 : https://www.sylabs.io/guides/2.6/user-guide/
• Singularity 2.6 관리자 가이드 : https://www.sylabs.io/guides/2.6/admin-guide/
• Singularity 3.0 사용자 가이드 : https://www.sylabs.io/guides/3.0/user-guide/
• Singularity 3.0 관리자 가이드 : https://www.sylabs.io/guides/3.0/admin-guide/